This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor Mario Brini of the Vatican's Secretariat of State. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . After serving as an SS-Anwrter from December 1932 to May 1933, Kappler was appointed an SS-Mann and assigned the SS membership number 55,211. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. [1][4][5][6][7], Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the Holocaust in Italy in both Rome and Lazio;[4] in his first action, 1,023 Roman Jews were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz; where only 16 survived. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Since he was at this time considered only a general SS member, not assigned to permanent full-time duties, Kappler was not exempt from the draft and he became a Schtze in the Wehrmacht on June 11, 1935. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. Fortunately, they did not storm the Vatican because of its unique status. 1,007 were shipped to Auschwitz. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. As they already had so many enemies, the last thing they wanted was to alienate the worlds entire Catholic population by violating the Popes domain. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six months ago. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. It did not take the Nazis long to realize that OFlaherty was behind the disappearing people. See the article in its original context from. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. iie was 70 years old. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed less than 105 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung . They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Where is Herbert Kappler buried? Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. Kappler died on 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau at the age of 70. Collect, curate and comment on your files. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. [18], In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. Mr. Kappler's wife, Anneliese, who said she had lowered him with ropes from the third floor of the hospital, explained that it had been her greatest wish that her husband, whom she called a Christbike figure, should not die in captivity. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. iie was 70 years old. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. Marina was born in Rome on November 4, 1942, to Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani. Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz. By 1929, he was a certified electrician, still living in Stuttgart. I recommend you watch his trial here. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Waiting to solve 5. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. He would never join his diocese. Anyone can read what you share. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . See the article in its original context from. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. World War II Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. Herbert Kappler passed away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was . Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. This set the stage for further advancement and Kappler was commissioned a Gestapo officer, with the rank of SS-Untersturmfhrer (second lieutenant), on November 9, 1938 (the traditional anniversary of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch). and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. You got lucky! Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. 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During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. In 1934, OFlaherty was appointedMonsignor; a title for high-ranking clergy members who have provided valuable service to the church. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). Contents In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. . Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. iie. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931and the SSin 1933. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). As the Allied armies invaded Italy and began moving north towards Rome, Kappler became significantly involved in hunting suspected Allied agents and Allied prisoners-of-war which had escaped Italian POW camps after the Italian Army capitulated. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Now he was practically in charge of Rome as. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. It was also because the Republic of Ireland was neutral during the war. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where over three hundred Italian civilians were killed on 24-03-1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against an SS formation in Rome. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. Arrest and Later Life. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. Hugh O'Flaherty was born to James and Margaret O'Flaherty in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, Ireland, on February 28, 1898. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. Reply ( 0) Leave a comment. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . Kappler's main activities during this period involved suppressing resistance groups, rounding up "enemies of the state", and enforcing anti-Jewish measures, conducting Jewish ghetto raids, and deportations to extermination camps. Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Anyone can read what you share. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. Quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 hidden., and came of age in the Wehrmacht the start of online publication in 1996 the! 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